visits, and longer periods out of the cell...

Odnośniki

Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.
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Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.

People
organised crime, and liaises with the International
awaiting trial in custody have certain rights and
Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL), which
privileges not granted to convicted prisoners.
promotes international co-operation between
Measures to counter drug misuse in prisons
police forces. It also provides the channel for
include mandatory drug testing.
communication between the UK and EUROPOL
(see page 76).
There are statutory arrangements governing the
early release of prisoners. Offenders serving shorter
The role of the National Crime Squad is to prevent
terms (less than four years) may be automatically
and detect organised and serious crime across
released at specific points in their sentences, while
police force and national boundaries in England
those detained for longer require Parole Board
and Wales and to support provincial forces in
approval or the consent of a government minister.
their investigation of serious crime. It is headed by
a Director General, who is accountable to a body
Criminal justice agencies
known as the Service Authorities.
The criminal justice system in England and Wales is
made up of personnel working in a number of
The Forensic Science Service (FSS) is an executive
different agencies, reporting to the Home Office, the
agency of the Home Office that provides scientific
Lord Chancellor’s Department and the Attorney
support to police forces through its six regional
General’s Office, as illustrated in Figure 14.6.
laboratories. It also operates the national DNA
database in England and Wales, which is used to
The police service
match DNA profiles taken from suspects to
There are 43 police forces organised on a local
profiles from samples left at scenes of crime.
basis in England and Wales. The Metropolitan
Police Service and the City of London force are
The Serious Fraud Office prosecutes cases of
responsible for policing London.
serious or complex fraud, with teams of lawyers,
accountants, police officers and other specialists
Police forces are maintained in England and Wales
conducting investigations. The Office has wide
by local police authorities. In the 41 police areas
powers that go beyond those normally available to
outside London they normally have 17 members –
the police and prosecuting authorities.
nine locally elected councillors, three magistrates
and five independent members. The authorities
The courts
set local policing objectives in consultation with
About 98 per cent of criminal cases are dealt with
the chief constables and local community, while
by magistrates. A magistrates’ court usually
the Government sets ministerial priorities for the
comprises three representatives of the local
police as a whole.
community who do not have professional legal
qualifications, known as lay magistrates or justices
Each force is headed by a chief constable (in
of the peace (JPs). They sit with a court clerk who
London the Commissioner of the City of London
advises them on law and procedure. In some areas
Police, and the Commissioner of the Metropolitan
a paid professional District Judge (Magistrates’
Police) appointed by their police authorities with
Courts) sits alone instead of the JPs. District
government approval. Independent inspectors of
Judges (Magistrates’ Courts) – who were formerly
constabulary report on the efficiency and
known as stipendiary magistrates – are becoming
effectiveness of police forces. In 2002 there were in
more common, although most cases are still dealt
England and Wales 127,231 police officers, 12,068
with by lay magistrates.
special constables (part-time volunteers who work
in support), and 58,957 civilian staff (including
Magistrates’ courts committees (MCCs), made up
traffic wardens).
of magistrates selected by their colleagues, are
responsible for running the magistrates’ courts
National crime bodies
service locally. During 2000/01 the MCCs were
The National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS)
reorganised and their number reduced,
is responsible for collecting and analysing criminal
improving efficiency and bringing their
196
Social and cultural affairs
14 Crime and justice
boundaries into closer alignment with those of
Table 14.7 Numbers1 in the judiciary
other criminal justice agencies, such as the police
in England and Wales (as at 1 January
and the CPS.
2002)
The Crown Court sits at about 90 venues in
Lay magistrates (JPs)
24,526
England and Wales, in six regional areas called
District Judges (Magistrates’ Courts)
95
circuits, and is presided over by High Court
Recorders
1,326
judges, circuit judges and part-time recorders. The
Circuit judges
614
type of judge dealing with a case and instructing
the jury of 12 members of the general public will
1 Those spending the bulk of their time on criminal cases. This