Figure 3: An Intermediary Model...

Odnośniki

Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.
Family: UInt4;Model: UInt4;Stepping: UInt4;Features: TCpuFeatureSet;Vendor: string[12];end;// Pobranie informacji o CPU i zapisanie...
Wsp�lnota pierwotna, antyczne niewolnictwo, feudalizm, kapitalizm, wreszcie socja-lizm mia�y stanowi� z mocy praw historii powszechnodziejowy model...
modny stał się model karmiącej piersią matki, która poświęca wszystko, by wychować swoje dzieci na jak najlepszych obywateli...
Przenocowaliśmy spokojnie, choć oczywiście nie omieszkałem rozkazać chłopcom, by na zmianę trzymali straż...
znałem już wszystkie litery i umiałem czytać, a nawet troszkę pisać i nauczyłem się tabliczki mnożenia do sześć razy siedem jest trzydzieści pięć,...
indoktrynacji i które stanowią dla nas godną zaufania podstawę...
RÓWNOWAGAZwykle o przejrzystym świetle mówi się w pewnych kategoriach - pustki i przejrzystości lub otwartości i świetlistości...
w getAttributes() jest w stanie obsłużyć zarówno przypisania elementów tablic, jak i deklaracje âźnieznanychâ zmiennych...
abW dolnej czeËsći rysunku 1 została nakresÄşona funkcja produkcji f(L), gdzieL oznacza liczbeË zatrudnionych i gdzie zasoÂ´b kapitału jest dany, z...
oddechu przekazywało się rękom, wargom, głowie, z fryzury opadał na czoło już nie jeden 25 loczek jak zawsze, a dwa...

Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.

Variations of Figure 3's gatekeeper model are also used in teaching organizational communication, where
gatekeepers, in the form of bridges and liaisons, have some ability to shape the organization through their
selective sharing of information. These variations are generaly more complex in depiction and often take the form
of social network diagrams that depict the interaction relationships of dozens of people. They network diagrams
often presume, or at least alow, bi-directional arrows such that they are more consistent with the notion that
communication is most often bidirectional.
The bidirectionality of communication is commonly addressed in interpersonal communication text with two
elaborations of Shannon's model (which is often labeled as the action model of communication): the interactive
model and the transactive model. The interactive model, a variant of which is shown in Figure 4, elaborates
Shannon's model with the cybernetic concept of feedback (Weiner, 1948, 1986), often (as is the case in Figure
4) without changing any other element of Shannon's model. The key concept associated with this elaboration is
that destinations provide feedback on the messages they receive such that the information sources can adapt their
messages, in real time. This is an important elaboration, and as generaly depicted, a radicaly oversimplified one.
Feedback is a message (or a set of messages). The source of feedback is an information source. The consumer
of feedback is a destination. Feedback is transmitted, received, and potentialy disruptable via noise sources.
None of this is visible in the typical depiction of the interactive model. This doesn't diminish the importance of
feedback or the usefulness of elaborating Shannon's model to include it. People realy do adapt their messages
based on the feedback they receive. It is useful, however, to notice that the interactive model depicts feedback at
a much higher level of abstraction than it does messages.
davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm
5/13
09/05/12
Models of the Communication Process
Figure 4: An Interactive Model:
This difference in the level of abstraction is addressed in the transactional model of communication, a variant of
which is shown in Figure 5. This model acknowledges neither creators nor consumers of messages, preferring to
label the people associated with the model as communicators who both create and consume messages. The
model presumes additional symmetries as wel, with each participant creating messages that are received by the
other communicator. This is, in many ways, an excelent model of the face-to-face interactive process which
extends readily to any interactive medium that provides users with symmetrical interfaces for creation and
consumption of messages, including notes, letters, C.B. Radio, electronic mail, and the radio. It is, however, a
distinctly interpersonal model that implies an equality between communicators that often doesn't exist, even in
interpersonal contexts. The caler in most telephone conversations has the initial upper hand in setting the
direction and tone of a a telephone calr than the receiver of the cal (Hopper, 1992).In face-to-face head-
complement interactions, the boss (head) has considerably more freedom (in terms of message choice, media
choice, ability to frame meaning, ability to set the rules of interaction) and power to alocate message bandwidth
than does the employee (complement). The model certainly does not apply in mass media contexts.
Figure 5: A Transactional Model:
davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm
6/13
09/05/12
Models of the Communication Process
The "masspersonal" (xxxxx, 199x) media of the Internet through this implied symmetry into even greater relief.
Most Internet media grant everyone symmetrical creation and consumption interfaces. Anyone with Internet
access can create a web site and participate as an equal partner in e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms,
computer conferences, colaborative composition sites, blogs, interactive games, MUDs, MOOs, and other
media. It remains, however, that users have very different preferences in their message consumption and
creation. Some people are very comfortable creating messages for others online. Others prefer to "lurk"; to freely
browse the messages of others without adding anything of their own. Adding comments to a computer