emission levels, etc...

Odnośniki

Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.
jaki zwiedzać będzie Paryż, gdy z jednej strony Sekwany zostaną tylko szczątki z Tuileriów, brama Saint-Denis, Magdalena, pałac Inwalidów etc...
ect178 supervisor, etc...
450 object...
poznać: a) wybadać, zasięgać wia-domości, śledzić (alqd, de re); [S)badać, dochodzić (alqd); (sądownie)wdrożyć dochodzenie lub śledztwo(de re); e)...
Kategoria aspektuStosunkowe ubóstwo rozróżnień czasowych w językach słowiańskich rekompensuje aspekt (roś...
aby jednak spełniły one swoją profilaktyczną rolę, powinny być podane dziecku jeszcze w okresie bezobjawowym, czyli na 2-3 tygodnie przed sezonem pylenia...
Gdy w roku 1949 odwiedziłem Szuberta i w rozmowie poruszyliśmy ten temat, Szubert starał się tłumaczyć ich mówiąc, że âśprzecież oni też chcieli żyćâ...
Justyna Horska[JJH] Jestem w Zakonie, gdzie kobiety mają takie same prawa co mężczyźni...
jeśli jest to tylko ,,odcisk energii" we wszechświecie)...
more formal style...

Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.

).
anticipating possible problems. There is an The opening up of the electricity market increasing transfer of responsibility from the industrial user to the equipment manufacturer for The rules governing the electricity sector are the provision of site maintenance; manufacturers undergoing radical change: electricity production are now becoming electricity suppliers.
has opened up to competition, production is decentralised, and (large) electricity consumers c Reduction of costs linked to oversized now have the opportunity to choose their supplier.
installations and energy bills
In 1985, the Commission of the European Other less obvious consequences of PQ
Communities states (directive 85/374) that degradation are:
electricity is to be considered a product and as a v A reduction of installation energy efficiency, consequence made it necessary to define its leading to higher energy bills
essential characteristics clearly.
v Overloading of the installation, causing premature ageing and increasing the risk of In addition, in the context of liberalising energy breakdown, leading in turn to oversizing of markets, the search for competitiveness by distribution equipment
electricity companies now means that quality has This is why professional users of electricity are become a differentiating factor. A guarantee of keen to optimise the operation of their electrical quality is a potential criterion of choice for industrial installations.
users when looking for an energy supplier.
Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 199 / p.4
1.2 Objectives of Power Quality measurement The measurement parameters and accuracy Complementary software tools to ensure may differ depending on the application.
control-command and continuous monitoring of the installation are thus required.
Contractual application Within the context of a deregulated market, Statistical surveys
contractual relations may exist not only Such research requires a statistical approach on between the electricity supplier and the end the basis of wide-ranging results from surveys user, but also between the power production generally carried out by the operators of company and transmission company or between transmission and distribution power systems.
the transmission company and distribution c Benchmark the general performances of a company. A contractual arrangement requires power system
that terms are defined jointly and mutually These can be used, for example, to:
agreed upon by all parties. The parameters for measuring quality must therefore be defined v Plan and target preventive actions by mapping and the values compared with predefined, i.e.
disturbance levels on a network. This helps contractual limits.
reduce operating costs and improve control of This arrangement frequently requires the disturbance. An abnormal situation with respect processing of significant quantities of data.
to an average level can be detected and correlated with the addition of new loads.
Corrective maintenance Research can also be carried out into seasonal Even where best practice is observed (single-trends or excessive demand.
line diagram, choice of protective devices and v Compare the PQ of various distribution neutral point connection, application of companies in different geographical areas.
appropriate solutions) right from the design Potential customers may request details of the phase, malfunctions may occur during
reliability of the electricity supply before installing operation:
a new plant.
c Disturbances may have been ignored or c Benchmark performances at individual points under-estimated.
on the power system
c The installation may have changed (new These can be used to:
loads and/or modification).
v Determine the electromagnetic environment in Troubleshooting is generally required as a which a future installation or a new piece of consequence of problems of this nature.
equipment may have to operate. Preventive The aim is frequently to get results as quickly measures may then be taken to improve the as possible, which may lead to premature or distribution power system and/or desensitise the unfounded conclusions.
customer power system.
Portable measurement systems (for limited v Specify and verify the performance levels periods) or fixed apparatus (for continuous undertaken by the electricity supplier as part of monitoring) make it easier to carry out the contract. This information on the electricity installation diagnostics (detection and quality are of particular strategic importance for archiving of disturbances and triggering of electricity companies who are seeking to alarms).
improve competitiveness, satisfaction of needs and customer loyalty in the context of liberalising Optimising the operation of electrical energy markets.
i n s t a l l a t i o n s
To achieve productivity gains (operational economies and/or reduction of operating costs) correct operation of processes and sound energy management are required, both of which are factors dependent on PQ.
Operating, maintenance and management personnel of service sector and industrial sites all aim for a PQ which matches their
requirements.
Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 199 / p.5
2 Degradation of PQ: origins - characteristics - definitions 2.1 General
Electromagnetic disturbances which are likely to c transient overvoltages,
disturb the correct operation of industrial c voltage fluctuations,
equipment and processes is generally ranked in c voltage unbalance,
various classes relating to conducted and radiated disturbance:
c power-frequency variations,
c low frequency (< 9 kHz),
c DC in AC networks,
c high frequency (u 9 kHz),
c signalling voltages.
c electrostatic discharge.
It is not generally necessary to measure each type of disturbance.
Measurement of PQ usually involves
characterising low frequency conducted The types can be placed in four categories, electromagnetic disturbances (the range is affecting the magnitude, waveform, frequency widened to include transient overvoltages and and symmetry of the voltage. Several of these transmission of signals on a power system): characteristics may be modified simultaneously by any one type of disturbance. Disturbances c voltage dips and interruptions,
can also be classified according to their c harmonics and interharmonics,
permanent, semi-permanent or random nature c temporary overvoltages,
(lightning, short-circuit, switching operations, c swell,
etc.).
2.2 Voltage dips and interruptions Definitions