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Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.
Compare:
We will begin the meeting with a message from the President.
Oh no! It's starting to rain.
2 cases where begin is not possible .;
Start (but not begin) is used to mean:
a 'start a journey'
/ think we ought to start at six, while the roads are empty.
b 'start working' (for machines) The car won't start.
c 'make (machines) start'
How do you start the washing machine?
For infinitives and -ing forms after begin and start, see 296.10.
99 below and under
1 'lower than': below or under
The prepositions below and under can both mean 'lower than'. Look in the cupboard below/under the sink.
2 not directly under: below
We prefer below when one thing is not directly under another.
The climbers stopped 300m below the top of the mountain. . A moment later the sun had disappeared
below the horizon.
3 covered: under
We prefer under when something is covered or hidden by what is over it, and when things are touching.
/ think the cat's under the bed.
What are you wearing under your sweater?
The whole village is under water.
4 measurements: below
Below is used in measurements of temperature and height, and in other cases where we think of a vertical
scale.
The temperature is three degrees below zero.
Parts of Holland are below sea level.
The plane came down below the clouds.
She's well below average in intelligence. \
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5 'less than': under
We usually use under, not below, to mean 'less than' or 'younger than'. There were under twenty people at
the lecture. You can't see this film if you're under 18.
6 underneath
Underneath is sometimes used as a preposition instead of under, but only for physical position. Compare:
There's a mouse under(neath) the piano.
He's still under 18. (NOT ... underneath 18.)
7 adverbs
Below can be used as an adverb. Under can be used as an adverb particle
(see 19) with some verbs, but in other cases we prefer underneath for
adverbial use.
We looked over the cliff at the waves crashing on the rocks below. A lot of businesses are going under
because of the economic crisis. I can't take my sweater off'-1 haven't got anything on underneath.
In a book or a paper, see below means 'look at something written later'.
The difference between above and over is similar to the difference between below and under. See 6 for
details.
100 beside and besides
Beside is a preposition meaning 'at the side of, "by', 'next to'.
Who's the big guy sitting beside Jane?
Besides can be used as a preposition with a similar meaning to as well as (see 77), to add new
information to what is already known. Besides literature, we have to study history and philosophy. Who
was at the party besides Jack and the Bensons? Besides can also be used as a discourse marker (see
159.11) meaning 'also', 'as well', 'in any case'. It is often used to add a stronger, more conclusive
argument to what has gone before. In this case, besides usually goes at the beginning of a clause.
/ don't like those shoes; besides, they're too expensive. It's too late to go out now. Besides, it's starting to
rain.
For the difference between besides, except and apart from, see 101.
101 besides, except and apart from
These expressions are sometimes confused. Besides usually adds: it is like saying with, or plus (+).
Besides the violin, he plays the piano and the flute.
(He plays three instruments.) Except subtracts: it is like saying without, or minus (-).
I like all musical instruments except the violin.
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Apart from can be used in both senses.
Apart from the violin, he plays the piano and the flute.
(= Besides the violin...) I like all musical instruments apart from the violin.
(= .. .except the violin.)
After no, nobody, nothing and similar negative words, the three expressions can all have the same
meaning.
He has nothingbesides /except/apartfrom hissalary.
(= He only has his salary.)
For the use of besides as an adverbial discourse marker, see 159.11.
for beside, see 100.
For except and except for, see 200.
For nothing but, see 116.
102 bet
1 use
/ bet (you) can be used in an informal style to mean 'I think it's probable that'. That is usually dropped. I
bet (you) she's not at home.
(More natural than / bet (you) that she's not at home.)
2 tenses
After / bet (you), we often use a present tense to refer to the future. s I bet (you) they don't come this
evening, (on I bet (you) they won't come...) I bet (you) the Conservatives (will) lose.
3 two objects
When bet is used to talk about real bets, it can be followed by two objects: the person with whom the bet
is made, and the money or thing that is bet.
/ bet you L5 it doesn 't rain this week.
My father bet my mother dinner at the Ritz that she would marry him. He won, but she never bought him
the dinner.
103 better
1 'recovered'
When better means 'recovered from an illness', it can be used with completely or quite (unlike other
comparative adjectives). Don't start work again until you're quite better.
2 correcting mistakes
We do not normally use better to correct mistakes.
She's gone to Hungary - or rather, Poland. (NOT... or better, Poland.)
For the structure had better, see 234.
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104
between and among
1 the difference
We say that somebody or something is between two or more clearly separate people or things. We use
among when somebody or something is in a group, a crowd or a mass of people or things which we do
not see separately. Compare:
- She was standing between Alice and Mary. She was standing among a crowd of children.
- Our house is between the woods, the river and the village.
His house is hidden among the trees. Between can be used to talk about intervals and time limits.
We need two metres between the windows.
I'll be at the office between nine and eleven.
2 things on two sides: between
We use between to say that there are things (or groups of things) on two sides. a little valley between high
mountains I saw something between the wheels of the car.
3 divide and share
Before a series of singular nouns we usually use divide between and share between. Before a plural noun,
we can say between or among. Compare:
He divided his money between his wife, his daughter and his sister.
I shared the food between/among all my friends.
4 difference between
We use between, not among, after difference.
What are the main differences between crows, rooks and jackdaws?
5 'one of'etc
Among can mean 'one of, 'some of or 'included in'. Among the first to arrive was the ambassador. He has
a number of criminals among his friends.
6 between each