Smart card technology has roots dating back to 1974, when Roland Moreno was issued the first patents for his “chip cards...
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- Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.
- — Ciężko was Bóg pokarał, ale wam za to odmienił dusze — mówił — nieszczęście wiele uczy...
- nawzajem swoimi energiami seksualnymi, co zarówno może dawaćdoznania przyjemności i błogości, jak i wzmacnia w was chęć, radośći siły do życia...
- Mężczyzna przybyły po tym, który was przed chwilą oczarował, życzył sobie, by przedstawiona mu kobieta miała niestrawność...
- Was all a bit hazy after that, but remember seeing Magda and Jeremy laughing together in a corner and catching her afterwards...
- LCC–00114 illegal boolean response character Cause A value other than TRUE or FALSE was specified...
- gerade das mit sich bringt, was er fliehen will...
- onstage was reached too quickly...
- — Czy ma dobre zamknięcia drzwi i okien? — Drzwi są zamykane na patentowy zamek, a okna mają grube okiennice...
- W rezultacie energetyka ma szansę na pełzający przewrót technologicznyo globalnych skutkach...
- Prawdziwe nazwisko Rolanda brzmiało Forchin, było pochodzenia francuskiego...
Smutek to uczucie, jak gdyby się tonęło, jak gdyby grzebano cię w ziemi.
” At the time the cards were highly advanced and expensive and therefore were not taken seriously by the general public for the first few years. By 1978, chip miniaturization made mass production possible, and it has led to the current popularity of smart cards. France, which seems to have realized the most benefit from this technology, continues to deploy more and more every year. Since 1985, over 600
million smart cards have been produced in France, with 110 million of those in 1994 alone. The technology has been around for quite a few years, but its main problem in reaching widespread use has concerned compatibility issues. Because the cards, readers, and software have been mostly proprietary until recently, companies have been reluctant to deploy systems for fear of being at the mercy of a single vendor.
Interoperability
A common plague in new computer technologies has been the absence of standards and common models of operation. The International Standards Organization sought to solve this problem with smart cards.
Companies such as Europay, Visa, Mastercard, the European telecommunications industry, and major international software and hardware companies later built on their solution.
ISO 7816, EMV, and GSM
In order to promote the smart card movement, the Industry Standards Organization (ISO) took steps to ensure future interoperability among smart cards and readers by establishing the ISO 7816 standard. This standard contains detailed specifications for the operations of the devices on a physical, electrical, and data-link level.
In 1996, Europay, MasterCard, and Visa (EMV) defined a standard based on the ISO 7816 recommendations that incorporated new data types and encoding rules developed specifically for the financial industry. The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) was developed by the European telecommunications industry, also based on the ISO 7816 specifications. This system allows mobile phone users to be identified and authenticated by using a smart card in conjunction with a cellular phone.
While the ISO 7816, EMV and GSM specifications were definitely a vast improvement over the previously nonstandard proprietary device models, there were still no industry standards for interfacing the readers and cards with computer programs. Because of this, there was little interindustry support for the cards until the PC/SC Workgroup was established.
PC/SC Workgroup
In May 1996, major PC and smart card companies formed the Personal Computer/Smart Card Workgroup.
Participants included Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, Groupe Bull, Schlumburger, and Siemens Nixdorf. The group’s sole purpose has been to resolve the remaining software-hardware interoperability problems that existed with ISO 7816. In December 1997, the group released its version 1.0 of the specifications.
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Configuring Windows 2000 Server Security:Smart Cards
Note: As of this writing, the PC/SC Version 1.0 specifications can be found at http://www.pcscworkgroup.com.
All specifications regarding smart cards created by the PC/SC Workgroup are for the ICC Smart Cards.
The Microsoft Approach
This is Microsoft’s approach :
• A standard model enabling smart card readers and smart cards to communicate with PCs
• Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that are device independent and are used for enabling smart-card-aware applications
• Use of familiar tools for the development of software
• Integration with Microsoft platforms.
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Configuring Windows 2000 Server Security:Smart Cards
Configuring Windows 2000 Server Security
by Thomas W. Shinder, M.D., MCSE, MCP+I, MCT, Debra Littlejohn Shinder, MCSE, MCP+I, MCT, D. Lynn White, MCSE, MCPS, MCP+I, MCT
Syngress Publishing, Inc.
ISBN: 1928994024 Pub Date: 06/01/99
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Title
A Standard Model for Interfacing Smart Card readers and Cards with PCs