In inventory systems, the idea is to replace the old paper−shuffling and phone calls with an automated system...

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The auto−parts store is one place where this system is slowly taking over. When the clerk brings up the order screen, he or she can tell you whether parts are in the local warehouse, in the importer's warehouse, or only in the factory in Japan — all from a single screen. Here, one interface has interacted with four different systems to find out how long it will take your order to arrive.
Architecture
The architecture of most B2B inventory applications is relatively simple. Depending on the style, there may or may not be a user interface. However, what the application will feature is a connection to one or more external systems — the suppliers. As illustrated in Figure 2−3, these systems may be unidirectional or bi−directional.
Unidirectional systems will send out requests for information and make orders of the supplier. Bi−directional systems may also enable the supplier to request information (stock levels, for example) from the consuming business.
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Chapter 2: Introducing Enterprise Applications
Figure 2−3: An example architecture for an inventory system
Technologies used
In the current market, it is hard to pin down a specific set of technologies used. The applications for many smaller businesses, such as the auto−parts store, are typically written with Visual Basic and an Access database. However, these sorts of applications don't tend to be networked to the suppliers. It is only when you go to larger organizations that you find more automated systems. This will change over time, but in today's market, low−end systems don't require much automated supply chain management.
For high−end systems, there is still no real clear technology being used. As an information−exchange protocol, XML is starting to make inroads; it is not there yet, though. Some companies are using the built−in capabilities of applications like SAP R/3 and PowerBuilder, but the market is still open. Naturally, a database must be involved: Almost everyone prefers Oracle. Table 2−3 shows the Java technologies you may want to use when implementing an inventory system.
Table 2−3: Java technologies used in an inventory system
API
Use
EJB
Abstraction of business logic.
XML
Exchange of parts information and orders.
JNDI
Customer and supplier directory handling.
Example 2: Electronic payments
Electronic payment gateways have only one specific purpose — taking your credit−card number and making it debit the correct amount from the correct bank account. Unlike many of the other examples, the electronic payment gateway is fairly small in scope. However, it is used everywhere, in the small card readers next to the cash register in your local supermarket, on e−commerce Web sites, and in your yearly magazine−subscription renewal.
Architecture
An electronic payment system architecture is very simple. Unlike the other systems, this one usually has only one point of entry, which is very heavily secured. As Figure 2−4 illustrates, multiple levels of firewalls and encrypted network links are commonly part of the system. Usually there are also two distinct players in the developed code — the bank's side and your code.
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Chapter 2: Introducing Enterprise Applications
Figure 2−4: A common architecture for an electronic payment gateway system Technologies used
Payment gateways all use similar sets of technologies, even though these technologies may be implemented in different languages. For example, each set must be able to make a secure network connection to the financial institution. They almost invariably do this through a dedicated dial−up phone line, so you need an API to find a modem, dial a number, and manage the call.
Table 2−4 lists the APIs that you might want to use if you were to implement a payment gateway in Java.
Table 2−4: APIs used in an electronic payment system
API
Use
JTAPI
Establishing and managing the dedicated phone links to the financial institution.
JSSEL